Used extensively as a transparent conductive coating in flat panel displays, touchscreens, and OLEDs due to its high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Commonly found in smartphone screens, tablets, and computer monitors. Also applied in energy-efficient windows to control heat and light transmission. Used as an electrode in solar cells and thin-film photovoltaic devices. Employed in LED lighting and electronic displays as a transparent electrode. Applied in anti-static coatings for optical devices and films to prevent dust accumulation. Utilized in infrared reflectors and low-emissivity coatings for specialized glass applications.