Used as a coagulant in water and wastewater treatment to remove suspended solids, phosphates, and other contaminants. It helps clarify water by forming flocs that settle easily, making it effective in both drinking water purification and sewage treatment. Commonly applied in the pulp and paper industry to control slime and as a dye fixative in textile processing. Also used in the regeneration of etching solutions in metal surface treatment processes. In soil stabilization and construction, it is utilized to reduce permeability and strengthen soil due to its ability to react with clay and fine particles. Employed in the leather tanning industry to convert animal hides into leather by cross-linking collagen fibers. Used in some medical and dental applications as an astringent or to control bleeding, particularly in periodontal treatments.