Fexinidazole is primarily used in the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. It is effective against both the early and late stages of the disease, including cases where the central nervous system is involved. This makes it a valuable alternative to older treatments that require intravenous administration or lumbar punctures. Fexinidazole is administered orally, which simplifies treatment in remote areas with limited healthcare infrastructure. It has also shown promise in preclinical studies for treating other parasitic infections such as Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, broadening its potential use in neglected tropical diseases. Its oral formulation and ability to target multiple stages of trypanosomal infection contribute to improved patient compliance and reduced treatment burden in endemic regions.