Used as a heterogeneous catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Commonly employed in the reduction of alkenes, alkynes, nitro compounds, and carbonyl groups. Also applied in coupling reactions such as Suzuki and Heck reactions, where it facilitates carbon-carbon bond formation. Its high surface area enhances catalytic efficiency, making it suitable for use in fine chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Additionally, used in fuel cells and electrochemical applications due to its conductivity and catalytic activity toward oxidation reactions.