Used in bioconjugation to enhance solubility and stability of biomolecules. Acts as a hydrophilic linker that reduces aggregation and improves pharmacokinetics in therapeutic compounds. Commonly applied in drug delivery systems to connect targeting molecules or drugs to nanoparticles, proteins, or peptides. Its lipoamide end enables reversible binding to enzymes like pyruvate dehydrogenase, useful in enzyme-based assays and diagnostics. Also employed in PEGylation to minimize immune response and extend circulation time of conjugated molecules.