Used as a hardening agent in the production of high-strength steel alloys, especially in the automotive and construction industries, including rebar, steel pipes, and durable machine parts. Enhances strength, wear resistance, toughness, and oxidation resistance of tool steels. Applied in coatings for cutting tools, engines, wear parts, and automotive components due to its high hardness and thermal stability. Investigated for use in lithium-ion batteries as an anode material because of its high theoretical capacity. Also utilized in some catalytic processes and electronic materials due to its conductive properties.