Used as a precursor in the synthesis of zirconia-based materials, which are important in ceramics and catalysis. Employed in sol-gel processes to produce thin films and coatings with high thermal stability and corrosion resistance. Applied in the preparation of catalysts for petrochemical refining due to its acidic properties. Utilized in textile and leather industries as a mordant for dyeing processes. Also found in some antiperspirant formulations and as a crosslinking agent in specialty polymers.