Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in esterification and dehydration reactions due to its strong Lewis acidity. Employed in the production of zirconium-based materials for ceramics and refractories, where thermal stability and corrosion resistance are required. Applied in tanning leather as a cross-linking agent, offering improved water and heat resistance in finished products. Utilized in water treatment for removal of phosphates and heavy metal ions through precipitation and adsorption mechanisms. Also investigated for use in proton-conducting membranes in fuel cells owing to its ability to retain and conduct protons under humid conditions.