Used in metal treatment processes to form protective coatings on steel and aluminum surfaces, improving corrosion resistance. Commonly applied in the formulation of rust converters and primers. Acts as a natural astringent in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, used in creams, ointments, and mouthwashes for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Employed in the leather tanning industry to convert raw hides into durable leather. Utilized in water treatment to remove heavy metals and scale-forming ions. Also used in laboratory settings as a reagent for detecting iron ions and in histology for staining tissue samples.