Melittin is primarily known for its role as the main component of bee venom, where it contributes to the venom's cytotoxic and hemolytic effects by forming pores in cell membranes. In medical research, melittin is being explored for its potential in cancer therapy due to its ability to disrupt cell membranes, leading to the destruction of cancer cells, with ongoing efforts to enhance its selectivity. It is also investigated for its antimicrobial properties, showing effectiveness against a variety of bacteria (including drug-resistant strains) and viruses, which could lead to new treatments for infections. Additionally, melittin is studied in the context of drug delivery systems, where it can be used to enhance the penetration of therapeutic agents into cells. Its ability to modulate immune responses is another area of interest, potentially aiding in the development of treatments for autoimmune diseases and inflammation. In basic science, melittin serves as a model peptide for studying mechanisms of membrane disruption, cellular signaling, and programmed cell death.