Widely used as a buffering agent in biological and biochemical experiments due to its effective pH range between 5.5 and 7.0. It maintains stable pH conditions in enzyme assays, cell culture systems, and protein purification processes. Commonly chosen in molecular biology applications such as electrophoresis, chromatography, and PCR where pH stability is critical. Its low interference with biochemical reactions makes it suitable for studies involving metal ions, enzymes, and cellular components. Also utilized in some pharmaceutical formulations where a mild, non-toxic buffer is required.