Used to maintain a stable pH environment in biochemical and analytical applications. Commonly applied in enzymatic reactions, protein purification, and DNA/RNA extraction due to its effective buffering range in slightly acidic to neutral conditions. Frequently employed in chromatography, spectrophotometry, and cell culture protocols where consistent pH is critical. Compatible with many biological systems, making it suitable for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing and diagnostic testing. Also utilized in electrophoresis, particularly in agarose gel runs for nucleic acid separation.