Widely used in nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals to treat vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to anemia and neurological disorders. Commonly administered via oral tablets, injections, or nasal sprays to support red blood cell production and maintain healthy nerve function. Also added to fortified foods such as breakfast cereals, plant-based milk, and energy bars to help prevent deficiency, especially in vegetarian and vegan populations. Used in veterinary medicine to support animal health, particularly in livestock and pets. Plays a role in homocysteine regulation, making it relevant in cardiovascular health management. Frequently included in energy-boosting formulations and B-complex supplements due to its involvement in cellular energy metabolism.