Used extensively in electronics as a substrate for thin-film circuits and semiconductor devices due to its excellent electrical insulation and thermal conductivity. It serves as a base material for manufacturing sensors, resistors, and capacitors. In the field of optics, it is employed as a reflective coating and in the production of laser components because of its high durability and resistance to wear. Additionally, it is utilized in high-temperature applications, such as furnace linings and crucibles, owing to its ability to withstand extreme heat without degrading. Its biocompatibility also makes it suitable for medical implants and dental applications.